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علوم اجتماعی و جامعه شناسی::
نظام جهان واقعی
one could at least in principle control the real-world system in question.
The prototype of scientific knowledge is not the empirical law, but a model plus a list of real-world systems to which it applies.
A model explains some real-world phenomenon if a) the model is appropriate to the real-world system in the three respects noted above, and b) if the model logically implies the phenomenon, in other words, if the phenomenon follows logically from the model as specified to fit a particular part of the real world.
3. data: observations and measurements on some real-world system
;The emphasis here is on the distinction between models that represent, usually in more specific form, a set of theoretical ideas about some real-world system, and models that represent a set of data or a structure contained therein - theoretical models and empirical models.
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